In Raphael's School of Athens, points to the heavens, as his writings dealt with intangible heavenly things. points down because he was interested in observable, tangible, earthly things.

Explanation:

In Raphael's School of Athens, Plato points to the heavens, as his writings dealt with intangible heavenly things. Aristotle points down because he was interested in observable, tangible, earthly things. We can view the gestures of Plato and Aristotle in the painting reference the ideas of these philosophers. In Plato philosophy, he is pointing up as he is  seeing the changing world around us in a true reality. In the painting, Plato holds his book "Timaeus". While Aristotle points down, because in his philosophy, the only reality is the one that we can see and experience by sight and touch. Aristotle is holding his book named Aristotle's Ethics.

c.it was a major banking and commerce center.

d.leonardo da vinci

d. to fix corruption and problems in the catholic church

d. to reform the catholic church from within

a. human faces are presented in an idealized, spiritual manner.