Which element of the social bond is someone maintaining when he or she regularly participates in sports?

Commitment

Explanation:according to Hirschi ,1969, who defines four social bond , commitment refers to how an individual invests their time fully in social activities and institutions.

According to Hirschi's committment is what set boundaries between association and deviance within society. Those who puts all their time and energy in social activities will conform to social norms and expectations and are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.