If a researcher operationally defines "cooperation" as the number of times an individual asks for directions to be repeated, his research could be criticized as lacking

If a researcher operationally defines "cooperation" as the number of times an individual asks for directions to be repeated, his research could be criticized as lacking construct validity.

Explanation:

It is merely because the study has not been based upon the right elucidation of the terms, it can be said to be lacking construct validity. In the given example, the idea of 'cooperation' has been wrongly interpreted and associated with an action that does not convey its actual meaning. Had the research been constructed properly, the associated meaning would have been correct and the research would have been valid.