Why are such "phenomena as hurricane katrina and rare" earthquakes in regions where oil shale is fracked called "hundred-year" events?

They are statistical outliers that typically do not occur within a normal human lifespan.

Explanation:

When a site is considered for oil shale fracking, various aspects of the area are evaluated including the geographical and climatic facets like the chances of earthquakes and hurricanes. It is normally assumed that when such a site is selected that any event that can lead to an emergency will not happen or at least the statistical chances are low. Hence, when an event like this happens it is assumed as rare or hundred year event because they are statistical outliers that typically do not occur within a normal human lifespan.

the correct answer is 2.

a slump in geology means a mass movement process of slope failure. a mass of rock or unconsolidated material drops along a slip surface. in other words, rock layers move a short distance down the slope. the slump block is an intact block (2), without any landslide material.

in this image, 1 is the surface of rapture (scarp), 2 the slump block, 3 main scarp (crown), 4 base of rapture with debris flow.

slumps are caused by clear cutting on unstable soils and the sagging of earth, in coastal areas they are due to wave infiltration.

answer; /// i do believe that the correct answer is (d) cooperative play; /// good luck