Erving goffman believed the most vicious way societies impose sanctions is through a which creates a/

stigma, spoiled identity

Explanation:

stigma, spoiled identity

Erving Goffman was a sociologist that wrote one book with the title "Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity" in 1963. In this book, he presents that a world where people suffering for stigma are partially accepted by society. Due to this partial acceptance by the society stigmatized people continuously in motion in adjusting their spoiled identity. This book focuses on the stigmatized person feeling and their unhealthy relationship with other normal people

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the correct answer is :

{b.}   ( american workers lose job opportunities )

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