According to the authors, robbery is considered a confrontational crime, thereby placing the victim in a position to be an eyewitness to the crime.
a) true
b) false

True

Explanation:

Confrontational crime is the type of crime that involves threats and assaults to the individual or property, kidnapping, robberies, etc. These are sets of offences committed by an individual or partner the victim of such incidences know very well. Those who indulge in good personal security have lower chances of being impacted by these crimes.

The sixth amendment of the U.S constitution contains the confrontation clause that states that in all criminal prosecutions, the person being accused will have the right to be confronted with the witnesses they have against him or her. These face-to-face confrontation would be an opportunity to provide testimonial evidence against the accused individual.  

answer; the edward snowden leaks of nsa classified material;

i think it is the third one.