The hypothesis refers to an escape hatch or a loophole that defenders of a theory or belief can use to insulate their belief from falsification.
a. ad hoc immunizing
b. confirmatory
c. representativeness
d. availability heuristic

a)

Explanation:

Ad hoc immunizing, which is a hypothesis added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified.  Some times is employed to compensate for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form

c is the answer for this

there are no options provided but you can choose among the following gender-neutral pronouns: zir, hir, eir, vis, tem, eir.

in the normal course of maintaining a pronoun-antecedent agreement, we could have used the words his or her but since we are also required to use gender-neutral language, we need to replace it with its equivalent gender-neutral pronoun.