Describing how the supreme court has used the fourteenth amendment to expand coverage of the bill of rights throughout the federal system?

Before the civil war the constitution and the bill of rights were only understood to apply to the federal government not to the states. However, after the civil war with the addition of the 14th amendment the federal government expanded their control using the due process clause which stated. “no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law”  and the equal protection clause which stated: “No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

These then were applied to certain rights to state governments suck as: in 1897, they said no state could take private property without just compensation, in 1925, they declared that the federal government guarantees of free speech and free press also applied to states and in 1937, certain rights must apply to the states because they are essential to “orderly liberty “and they are “principles of justice.”

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.