Émile durkheim believed that for a society to function and persist over time, its specialized institutions must work in harmony with each other and function as an integrated whole. he referred to this as?

Organic Solidarity

Explanation:

Organic Solidarity -

It is a type of social bond between all the individuals , where all of the individuals are dependent on each other to live peaceful , is referred to as organic solidarity.

Each individual tries to help each other to live in harmony.

Hence , from the given scenario of the question, the correct term is organic Solidarity .

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.