Null effects can be caused by excessive amounts of unsystematic variance, or –. this within-group variance can be caused by a dependent variable with poor reliability or in which insufficient data is collected. this is referred to as –.. it can also be caused by – if extreme scores within the participants obscure changes brought on by the manipulation. finally, outside factors in the experimental setting can influence participants, otherwise referred to as –.

Why was frederick douglass encouraged by the dred scott decision?

For the united state human rights have been tied to support for

10. problems and applications q10 consider public policy aimed at smoking. studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.2. if a pack of cigarettes currently costs $5 and the government wants to reduce smoking by 10%, it should increase the price by % . if the government permanently increases the price of cigarettes, the effect on smoking 1 year from now will be than the effect 5 years from now. studies also find that teenagers have a higher price elasticity of demand than do adults. which of the following statements are consistent with this result? check all that apply. it is legal for adults to consume alcohol, so many choose to spend their money on that good rather than cigarettes. teenagers do not have as much income as adults, so they are more price sensitive. adults are more likely to be addicted to cigaret