According to the american lung association, for every ten percent increase in the price of a pack of cigarettes, youth smoking rates drop about seven percent. if lawmakers want to create a negative incentive for smoking, this information would support what action?
a) increase excise taxes on cigarettes.
b) decreased excise taxes for cigarettes.
c) lower the legal age to purchase tobacco products.
d) remove the surgeon general warning labels from cigarette packaging.

Michael manin, an airline pilot, was twice convicted of disorderly conduct, a minor misdemeanor. to renew his flight certification with the national transportation safety board (ntsb), manin filed an application that asked him about his criminal history. he did not disclose his two convictions. when these came to light more than ten years later, manin argued that he had not known that he was required to report convictions for minor misdemeanors. the ntsb’s policy was to consider an applicant’s understanding of what information a question sought before determining whether an answer was false. but without explanation, the agency departed from this policy, refused to consider manin’s argument, and revoked his certification. was this action arbitrary and capricious? 1. the ntsb is an administrative agency.