Referring to the reading posted "jefferson - race" answers the following (in case you are wondering, it is the very same president - jefferson- who wrote it):

a. what reasons does jefferson give for his suspicion that africans were inferior to whites (in what ways africans are inferior to whites)?
b. what are the problems and weaknesses of his argument? would you say he is a confusing correlation with causality (in other words, are his observations and conclusions scientifically accurate? examples: " they seem to require less sleep," "their griefs are transient (temporary, short-lived)." what reasons, conditions surrounding africans might be used to explain his "observations"?
c. in today's world do people make similar "observations" and come to the same "conclusions" about minorities and immigrants? give an example or two (think about some of the stereotypes about the groups and offer an explanation). example: when the polish immigrants came to the u. s. in large numbers between 1870 and 1914, americans believed that they were mostly stupid. in reality, these immigrants were from rural-agricultural regions with little education, and cultural skills. they were doing manual labor, railroads, mines, etc.

Aunitary state is a form of state where power is concentrated and there is a single center of power that extends its actions throughout the territory of the respective state. this, through its agents and local authorities, delegates of that same central power, and in its majority; it can count on a single legislating apparatus; except for certain exceptions, which legislate for the entire country; a judicial power, which applies the current law to the entire territory of the state and within which a supreme court of justice is established, which has jurisdiction at the national level; a single executive power, that is conformed by all the governors (president, governors, mayors, etc.); and a single political constitution, which governs all the territory and to which all the authorities and inhabitants of the state are subject.a confederation (from the latin: confœderatĭo) consists of the union of states that retain their sovereignty and are governed by certain common laws. initially there was talk of "confederation" in the case of alliances, for this reason the word "confederation" is still used in non-governmental civil society institutions. for this reason, the term confederation is also used to describe any type of organization that combines the authority derived from other semi-autonomous entities. in this case, sports confederations can be cited as some examples. however, the word confederation takes much more relevance when it comes to some permanent alliance of states or some association or association of states.characteristics of a federal government system

  a) written constitution. also known as magna carta and a necessity of the democracies that form federations to regulate the principles by which the government will be governed, because if they had to act without a body of specific laws would produce confrontations.

b) territorial division. federalism is constituted by the division of powers on the geographical basis of each territory.

c) decentralization. in a federal system there is both a central government and units of government lower than the central one, each making decisions regarding the provision of certain public services in their respective geographical jurisdictions.

d) supreme court of justice. to counteract the rigidity of the written constitution, judicial action is required to interpret said constitution and necessary changes can be made.