Well into the mid-twentieth century, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live (often in squalid shacks). in return, blacks gave white planters a portion of their crops. this process was called what?

The answer is sharecropping.

Explanation:

As the passage explains, sharecropping consisted in allowing use of a piece of land in return of another. It could be either beneficial or disadvantageous; if the harvest was large and the prices were high, it encourgaged owners to develop more efficient agricultural methods. However, sharecropping was not as effective as slave plantation due to risks of having a small harvest.

explanation:

may i ask what challenges?

answer; the government can clearly justify the restriction;