The internet is a hierarchical structure linking different levels of service providers whose millions of devices supply all the interconnections. the three levels outlined in the book from the top down include

National service provider (NSP)

Regional service provider (RSP)

Internet service provider (ISP)

Explanation:

National service providers (NSP)  are companies that own the internet backbone infrastructure which other second party internet service providers can link to. Examples of NSPs are Orange, Sprint,  AT&T etc.  

It typically provides fibre optic cables and core routers which the ISPs link to in order to provide internet exchange for the customers.

Regional service provider (RSP)  are basically ISPs operating within a region. Unlike ISPs, they cover only defined regions. Examples are New England's NEARNet which provides internet access for residents of New England and the San Francisco Bay area BARNet for San Francisco Bay resident.

Internet service provider (ISP) are the direct link to the customers. Many NSPs also act as ISPs by using routers that can transfer network from the backbone network exchange to the receiving equipment of the end users such as mobile phones, computers etc. Examples of ISPs are AT&T, Comcast and Verizon.

levels of production can be increased by technology while holding labor and capital constant, because increased technology makes the production process more efficient. subsequently, the lras curve is almost a vertical line, that can shift to the right, with an increase in technology.

the relationship between the lras curve and the ppc is that both can make the economy could grow. the ppc achieves that when it shifts outward because of more resources or technological advances while the lras curve shifts if more resources are developed or if there are technological advances.

the lras curve is a vertical line at an output level that represents the number of goods and services a nation can produce over a sustained period using all of its productive resources as efficiently as possible with all of the current technology available to it.

the production possibilities frontier (ppf) is a graphical device that is used for economic analysis of production decisions because the ppf measures the maximum possible combinations of two goods that an economy is capable of producing with its currently available resources and technology.

1. artillery

2. jose san martin

3.their economies remained dependent on outside powers.

4. drafted new economies

5. democracies have replaced dictatorships