What are external costs? when external costs are present, will market allocation result in too much or too little output of the good relative to the ideal efficiency level? explain.

When a cost is imposed on a party that is not part of a transaction, then we deal with an external cost or negative externality. That party can´t control  whether the transaction takes place or not.  External costs of activities can lead to market failure if they exceed their benefits, and there will be no market failure if the external costs don’t exceed the benefits.

Explanation:

carefully examine the map above. based on your knowledge of colonialism in africa, the area attributed to belgium on this map is most likely the democratic republic of the congo.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.