Gino went out one evening and got himself a shiny new tattoo of a tribal symbol across his back. the next day, gino’s girlfriend, shanae, ended their relationship. mutual friends of theirs assumed that shanae ended the relationship because of the new tattoo. these friends have not read your textbook carefully because they have just fallen prey to the fallacy.

His friends have fallen prey to the post hoc fallacy.

Explanation:

A fallacy is an invalid reasoning which has no grounds but it can seem as a valid argument.

Post hoc comes from latin Post hoc ergo propter hoc, which literally translates to "after this, therefore because of this". This means that there is a belief that a certain event is the result of another event, that there is a relation between the two which can be completely unrelated.

In this case, Gino's girlfriend broke up with him right after he gets the tattoo, she might've not even known about it or had other reasons for breaking up with him. However, his friends think these two events are related and that the breakup is the result of the tattoo, thus falling prey to the post hoc fallacy.

world war i had a devastating effect on german-americans and their cultural heritage. up until that point   german-americans, as a group, had been spared much of the discrimination, abuse, rejection, collective mistrust experienced by so many different racial and ethnic groups in the history of the united states. indeed, over the years, they had been viewed as a well integrated and esteemed part of american society. all of this change with the outbreak of war.