Some theorists and critics insist that no aesthetic evaluation of a work of art is sound if it is based even in part on data about the cultural background of the artist. this opinion is clearly false. the only sound aesthetic evaluations of artists' works are those that take into account factors such as the era and the place of the artists' births, their upbringing and education, and the values of their societies—in sum, those factors that are part of their cultural background.

the above argument is most vulnerable to which of the following objections?

a. the argument presupposes the conclusion for which it purports to provide evidence.
b. the argument cites evidence that undermines rather than supports the conclusion.
c. the argument draws its conclusion by means of an equivocal interpretation of key terms.
d. the argument assumes that the production of an effect is evidence of an intention to produce that effect.
e. the argument assumes that evaluative disputes can be resolved by citing factual evidence.