Which perspective believes that racism is useful because it strengthens bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members?
a. symbolic interactionists
b. functionalists
c. racial conflict theorists

Functionalists

Explanation:

b) Functionalists

From a functionalist point of view, ethnic & racial disparities must have fulfilled an important role in order to persist as long as they claim. A functionalist may aim at "functions" and "dysfunctions" induced by racial injustice.

Another way of applying the functionalist viewpoint to racism is just to discuss how racism can add value to the benefit of society by stabilizing links between representatives of in groups by ostracizing members of out-groups

they had freedom from the government and from the affairs

imperial crisis leads to civil war.

roman forces withdraw from britain as goths attack rome.

odoacer topples romulus augustus

huns attack the empire and drive german peoples ahead of them.