Negative reinforcement responding; punishment responding.

increases,decreases

Explanation:

Negative reinforcement is a term first described under "the theory of the operant conditioning" which was given by an American psychologist B. F. Skinner. In the negative reinforcement, behavior or a response is mostly  strengthened either by removing, stopping, or by avoiding the negative result or outcome or the aversive stimulus.

the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair. science and reason could bring happiness and progress. kings did not rule by divine right. they had an obligation to their subjects. europeans pondered the implications for nearly a century. americans put them into practice first.

answer; ///self- learning;