When people rely on mental shortcuts to reach a conclusion or make a decision, they often fail to take into account how common a behavior or characteristic is in general. what kind of information do scientists call this?

Base rate                        

Explanation:

Base rate: It is defined as the deductive chance or odds that an individual of a particular group or population will carry a specific characteristic, presuming that another person would not know anything about that individual except the character of the individual as a whole population or group that has been determined.

In the given question, the kind of information scientists call this is base rate.

in about winter like late november to january