In 1778, the focus of the war shifted:
a) from minor skirmishes of fewer than 100 men to major battles, each involving thousands of soldiers.
b) from fighting in the southern states to fighting in new york and new england.
c) to an emphasis on the continental army’s trying to capture british strongholds in the ohio valley.
d) to the south, where the british captured savannah that year.
e) to emancipation, when general washington declared that all slaves who fought for american independence should be free.

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?