Achain of grocery stores analyzes the buying patterns of its customers using data collected on customers' loyalty cards and uses this information to send e-coupons to customers that target the purchases they have made over the past 90 days. this is an example of

   Data mining

Explanation:  The chain of grocery stores is analysing the data it already has so that it can generate new information based on that analysis, based on which it will target. Thus, based on the obtained analysis, they will be able to send e-purchases, i.e. to target certain customers with exactly those advertisements or products that interest those particular customers. Such exploration of existing data to create new ones is called data mining.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

the use of electrical signals that transit messages is know as