Luis has lived in a poor neighborhood since childhood, where violence and unemployment are high. there is heavy police presence near his home, mostly by officers who don't live in his community. similarly, most of the teachers at his school live in other neighborhoods. many of the authority figures in luis environment are suspicious of him and his friends violating rules. after many years of these conditions, luis comes to believe that he has a propensity for deviance and crime and expects this of himself and his peers. luis has
a. secondary deviance
b. an epidemic
c. internalized self stigma
d. informal social sanctions

C). Internalized self stigma.

Explanation:

Luis has developed Internalized self-stigma as he has internalized the public attitudes like 'unemployment', 'suspicious attitudes', 'violence' that makes him suffer negative consequences like lower self-esteem, propensity for deviance, and self-efficacy. This is a kind of mental illness that leads an individual towards depression and personal control of pain as they have been absorbing negative attitudes since childhood/for a long time.

Thus, as per the tendency reflected by Luis, it clearly seems that he has developed internalized self-stigma that made him develop 'propensity for deviance'. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

facts: the 14th amendment

the 14th amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.

the 14th amendment was intended to protect the rights of former slaves after the american civil war.

the 14th amendment was approved by congress in june of 1866 and ratified by the states on july 9, 1868.

the 14th amendment establishes that all persons born in the united states are citizens and are guaranteed all the rights of citizenship.

the 14th amendment establishes that the law protects all citizens equally.

in this case the passage of the 14th amendment   that was violated was the last part in which it states that there is equal protection of the law.