Aresearcher designed a new questionnaire to measure political conservatism. to test out his new instrument, he asks people leaving their polling place on election day to report their degree of political conservatism on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high) and then complete his questionnaire. results show that people who identified themselves as political conservatives also had the highest scores on his questionnaire. this is an indication of the of the new instrument.

a) criterion validity
b) content validity
c) face validity
d) predictive validity