Which of the following statements is true of affirmative action? a. it involves offering special admission considerations to members of minority groups. b. it is based on discrimination against people who have no minority status. c. it is the deliberate and public act of refusing to obey laws thought to be unjust. d. it was first developed under president franklin d. roosevelt. e. it is a standard under which a law or action must be necessary to promote a compelling state interest.

On the doctoral journey, you will need to adjust your thinking and perspective. it is inevitable that your world view will be challenged. how you respond to those instances of challenging remains in your control. this may sound daunting and even seem to be unacceptable, but it is the inexorable result of engaging in "deep thinking" while becoming an academic. remember, you are not just becoming a researcher, but you are also becoming a learned person (an academic) who will be charged with the responsibility of acting as a gatekeeper of knowledge and knowledge development. what distinguishes an infant academic from a mature academic? explain. how does the above biblical challenge to move toward mature thinking parallel the increased responsibility for knowledge and knowledge development that comes with the earning of a doctoral degree? explain.