Hall and donnell reported findings of five separate studies involving over 12,000 managers that explored the relationship between managerial achievement and attitudes toward subordinates. overall, they found that managers who strongly subscribed to theory x beliefs were highly likely to believe that workers were naturally motivated to work. were unlikely to rely on coercive, external control methods to motivate workers. were unlikely to have a pessimistic view of others. were highly likely to be in their lower-achieving group.

were highly likely to be in their lower-achieving group.

Explanation:

Theory X was a theory created by the American psychologist Douglas McGregor in the late 1950s. This theory assumes that individuals do not like to work unless they are forced to do so. It is an excessively mechanistic and pragmatic theory. Hall and Donnell's study related this theory to the interpretation of some managers in relation to their employees. According to this study, managers who strongly subscribed to Theory X beliefs were very likely to believe that workers were highly likely to be in their underperforming group.

disorders of the brain include both behavior disorders and other psychiatric illnesses. the primary difference between a behavior disorder and another type of psychiatric disorder is the presence of choice. psychiatric conditions are considered to be involuntary while in behavior disorders, choices are essential.