According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students’ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.

hello,

your answer is ready

i believe its either the first or third option but i'm leaning more towards the third option:

the first excerpt makes a logical appeal, while the second excerpt makes an emotional appeal.

your pal

~papaguy

answer; protectionism fosters competition and keeps price regulated;

answer; conditional stimulus will trigger a conditioned response;

answer; a group made up of people from difference cultures;