Acovered entity may use or disclose phi without an authorization, or documentation of a waiver or an alteration of authorization, for all of the following except:
a. use of decedents’ information, with certain representations by the researcher.
b. limited data set with an approved data use agreement.
c. activities preparatory to research, with certain representations by the researcher.
d. data that does not cross state lines when disclosed by the covered entity.

The best answer to the question: A covered entity may use or disclose PHI without an authorization, or documentation of a waiver or an alteration of authorization, for all of the following EXCEPT:___, would be, D: Data that does not cross state lines when disclosed by the covered entity.

Explanation:

When performing research, and especially when using people´s PHI (Protected Health Information), there are a lot of limits and requirements that must be met, in order to use any of that information. One of the most important issues here is the responsibility that research facilities, and researchers in general, have, of not disclosing private and protected information from a participant of any study, unless there is strict and written permission from the person, or an appropriate representative of that person. However, in the case of covered entities, HIPAA, which is the law that regulates the management of private health information, contemplates some exceptions to the rules. From the list provided here, all: A,B and C, are parts of the list of exceptions that HIPAA contemplates. However, D, is not one of them.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

responsibilities im assuming