Which of the following is not a good way to remember something? a) repeat the information many times. b) pay attention when you are first learning the information. c) focus on just one sense, such as vision or hearing. d) get enough sleep.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

they encountered severe weather for which they were poorly prepared.