What key constitutional provisions define the scope of authority of the federal and state governments?

The US Constitution talks about the authority of federal and state governments in many parts especially in Article I, Section 8; Article VI called the Supremacy Clause and in the 10th Amendment.

The Constitution also talks about the limits of the federal and state governments in Article I, Sections 9 and 10. In the Bill of Rights, in the 14th amendment and at last in the civil rights amendment

the 2nd option is the answer