Imagine you were sitting in the library. you see a person pass behind a pillar. instead of emerging from the other side they appear to magically emerge from the other side of a more distant pillar. this is an example of and researchers create such impossible scenarios to test whether children have developed object permanence:
(a) violation of expectation
(b) involuntary response
(c) elicited imitation
(d) qualitative design

(A) Violation of Expectation

Explanation:

Expectation Violation is a method devised by scientists who aimed to test whether infants could understand the concept of solid object and understand that solid objects have movement limitations and do not occupy the space of another solid object.

When you see a person pass behind a pillar. Instead of emerging from the other side they appear to magically emerge from the other side of a more distant pillar. This is an example of  Violation of Expectation.

- "sack of constantinople, (april 1204). the diversion of the fourth crusade from the holy land to attack, capture, and pillage the byzantine city of constantinople divided and dissipated the efforts of the christians to maintain the war against the muslims. the fourth crusade was corrupted from its purpose early on."

- "the crusades were a series of religious wars undertaken by the latin church. the first crusade arose after a call to arms in 1095 sermons by pope urban ii. the first crusade unleashed a wave of impassioned, pious catholic fury, which was of constantinople, the capital of the christian-controlled byzantine empire."

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