Anthropologist victor turner identified three primary stages in all rites of passage. in many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. in some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. according victor turner, this second stage is referred to as

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Anthropologist Victor Turner identified three primary stages in all rites of passage. In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to Victor Turner, this second stage is referred to as the liminal period.

In the perspective of Turner, rites of passage include three stages: separation, a liminal period, and reaggregation. During the rite of passage, the person that is under the liminal period is structural invisible because the individual is between social classification, that is why the term liminal is used. During this process, the person learns to see life in a new way and understand it with new meanings.

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explanation:

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the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)