Finally, consider the following cost-shifting rule, similar in spirit to federal rule 68. if the case goes to trial and no damages are awarded, each side pays its own expenses. if damages are awarded and are lower than a settlement offer the plaintiff (victim) refused, the plaintiff pays both sides’ expenses. if damages are higher than a settlement offer the defendant (insurer) refused, the defendant pays both sides’ expenses

the scientific revolution reached its zenith with isaac newton, who made perhaps the greatest contribution to the history of the scientific method. he was the first to really understand that the scientific method needed both deduction and induction.

explanation:

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)

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