Five students—jalen, chris, juwan, jimmy, and ray—move into a house together and discover they share the odd habit of drinking milk with ice in it every night before bed. they own several ice trays and make a pact to always refill the trays when they are emptied so that the supply of ice will never run out. but the five often do not have the time or energy to refill the trays, and after a few weeks, it becomes quite common for them to meet in the kitchen and discover that they have no ice. this would best be characterized as what type of dilemma

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?