Traditionally, in order to be jewish, a person must have a jewish mother, follow the jewish religion, and abide by kosher food limitations. although they are not ironclad, these customs set "traditional" jewish people apart from others. what concept does this serve to illustrate?

The concept that the text serves to illustrate is ETHNIC BOUNDARY MAKERS which are the particular characteristics that an ethnic group has and are used to distinguish it from another ethnic group.

We can say that this is the right concept for the text because it is evident how it is describing the specific characteristics for a person to be Jewish, such as have a Jewish mother, and follow the Jewish religions among others. That being said, ethnic boundary makers can be applied to the text.

An ethnic group is a social group based on the sense of cultural tradition, shared ancestry, and common history, highlighting that group from others culturally.

When ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others, in Anthropology this is known as "Ethnic Boundaries".

Ethnic Boundaries are ways to create order; and Ethnic Boundary Markers are features used to state membership in an ethnic group (traits like clothing, food, language, etc.)

the structure of state governments are determined by. "state constitutins'

under the us constitution, all state governments are.'republics'

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.