Read the following passage and answer the questions below. “for your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your , and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. for, as the most of you have heard, the turks and arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of romania [the greek empire] as far west as the shore of the mediterranean and the hellespont, which is called the arm of st. george. they have occupied more and more of the lands of those christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. they have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. if you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of god will be much more widely attacked by them. on this account i, or rather the lord, beseech you as christ’s heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. i say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. moreover, christ commands it. all who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. this i grant them through the power of god with which i am invested. o what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent god and is made glorious with the name of christ! ” source: bongars, gesta dei per francos, 1, pp. 382 f., trans in oliver j. thatcher, and edgar holmes mcneal, eds., a source book for medieval history, (new york: scribners, 1905), 513-17 the previous passage is from pope urban ii’s speech at council of clermont in 1095 calling for christians to retake the holy land. what reasons and types of persuasion does urban use to entice christians to act? what does urban promise those who answer his call to fight?