The majority of early psychological research reflected the
a. differences among males and females
b. concerns and interests of minorities
c. differences among various cultures
d. concerns and interests of white males

The early psychological research was conducted by males, it was at the time when women could not yet attend universities. Also, it was conducted in European and US American Universities (and in the US the non-white population faced obstacles in going to college).

So the correct answer is d. concerns and interests of white males

Ithink the answer is d. the lower appellate and trial courts in the state.