James, a teacher at an alternative school for children ages 6 - 12, has been supervising a group of girls who have created a club during playtime. the girls spend their playtime creating and enforcing rules of club membership. for example, before entering the clubhouse, a member needs to touch her nose. if a member forgets to do this, she will be fined a piece of candy, but if james fails to do this, the girls insist that he sit in the corner for three minutes. the girls at james' school (whose play requires them to agree on goals, rules and actions) are engaging what stage of play? select one: a. associative play b. parallel play c. onlooker behavior d. cooperative play