Iprovide ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something i like. i punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something i don't like. i am applying the principles of in an attempt to modify ralph's behavior.

I believe the answer is: classical conditioning

Classical conditioning happens when we pair a biologically potent stimulus  with a previously neutral stimulus. Over time, the subject would  elicit a certain type of response everytime they are faced with the natural stimulus, even without the existence of the potent stimulus.

aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy and tyranny

explanation:

it depends on which society you are referring to. many civilization performed rituals so the gods would with their growing season but the most well known is that of the aztecs. they would make sacrifices, usually animals, but sometimes humans as well.