Immanuel wallerstein suggests that nations are at the center of the "universe" and affect all surrounding nations.

forty niners migrated west due to gold discovery in california and it the west was a new place for hope this : )

explanation:

abraham lincoln issued the preliminary emancipation proclamation on september 22nd, 1862. it stipulated that if the southern states did not cease their rebellion by january 1st, 1863, then proclamation would go into effect.