The ancient political theory of plato and aristotle often focused on an understanding of justice to explain politics, whereas the modern political theory of machiavelli and hobbes focuses on the concept of

On the concept of "power".

Machiavelli and Hobbes both discarded the established and medieval scholarly conventions that went before them. In particular, they dismissed the Aristotelian conviction that everything in nature, including people, has a telos or end which it yearns for. According to the theory “where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice” 

Power

Hobbes believed that the only true and correct form of government was the absolute monarchy. This belief originated from the central idea of Hobbesian philosophy that human beings are, at their core, self-interested creatures. Machiavelli on the other hand also advocated for the use unscrupulous means for politicians in attainment of power.

it is a part of john locke's natural rights popular during the age of enlightenment that people had inalienable rights to life, liberty and property. this was reflected by thomas jefferson in his declaration of independence as rights to life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

another line in the declaration of independence is that people have certain rights just because they are human. humans are capable of obeying the three natural rights john locke mentioned making them governable by these laws and therefore entitled to these rights as well.