Answer key in the space below, identify an islamic state, mongol khanate, city-state, and decentralized form of feudalism that developed a new form of governance. provide an explanation of what makes it unique.

1.      I believe the correct answer is: Islamic state is political entity established by Muhammad in Medina in 622 AD.

     Islamic state represents the governments that have been based on the application of Shari’s and Qur’an (Islamic law and religion). Taking that into consideration, the first Islamic state was a political entity established by Prophet Muhammad in Medina in 622 CE. This state represented the political unity of the Muslim nation and it was transformed into the caliphate by Muhammad's disciples.

     The first state was the Rightly Guided (known also as Rashidun) Caliphs in (632–661 CE). Rashidun significantly expanded under the Umayyad Caliphate and consequently the Abbasid Caliphate.

2. I believe the correct answer is: Mongol khanate (Mongol Empire) was an empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206.

     The khanate (or Khaganate) is the terms used to describe the political entity ruled by a Khan or Khagan, typical for people from the Eurasian Steppe, which can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or even empire.

      The first Mongol khanate (Mongol Empire) was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 and it stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe to the Sea of Japan. Other famous Mongol khanates are Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Yuan dynasty, Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia etc.

3. I believe the correct answer is: a sovereign state that consist of a single city.

     A city-state (known also as Polis, which indicates the ancient Greek city-states) is a term used to describe sovereign state, small independent country, which consists of a single city, but it may have dependent territories.

     Historically, this term was applied for city-states such as Rome, Athens, Sparta, Carthage, but nowadays it applies to Singapore, Monaco, and Vatican City.

4. I believe the correct answer is: decentralized feudalism represents the type of feudalism which is governed by landlords, and not by single ruler.

     Decentralized feudalism is the form of feudalism in which the central authority represented by a single ruler or bureaucracy lacks in power, and therefore is governed by landlords, focusing on local ownership. Kings and Emperors were still officially the rulers of the state, but had no real power or authority over local areas.

     Decentralization of authority eventually led to the forming of estates, different strata (class) of society became one. This means that man’s standing was no longer described in terms of dependence on a feudal lord, but in terms of his belonging to a given estate. The hierarchic pattern continued to exist, but as a hierarchy of strata of society rather than a hierarchy of individuals.

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