Does anyone know why when I go on here and check my notifications, it says i have messages but when i press chat there's nothing there?

The authors use the word “backbone” in lines 3 and 39 to indicate that

Snakes, dogs, and humans have a vertebral column. snakes and dogs have tails, and humans have vestigial tailbones. dogs and humans have limbs, but snakes do not. most reptiles lay eggs, but a few give birth to live young. what do these structures suggest about the evolutionary pattern between the three organisms? 1. snakes and dogs are more closely related than snakes and humans. 2. snakes and humans are more closely related than humans and dogs. 3. dogs and humans are more closely related than snakes and humans. 4. dogs, snakes, and humans share a common ancestor. 5. the early ancestor of snakes and dogs is the same, and the early ancestor of humans is different.

In this food web, which group would increase in number if snakes were eliminated? a. producers b. decomposers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. tertiary consumers