What is the magnitude of δv12 if the bulb is removed from the socket (i. e. the circuit is not closed)?

If the socket is open after removing the bulb, then the substitute value is
I = 0 A
ΔV₁₂ = IR
= (OA)(2Ω)
= 0 V

Julia would be observing a. static electricity was caused by her sweater rubbing against her shirt and transferring electrons. she didn't touch anything metal, so that would cancel out b.she most likely didn't rub her sweater against her hair either, so that cancels out c.she also didn't scoot across the carpet while trying to take her sweater off, that cancels out d.so that leaves a.a. is correct.