What would be evidence of a galaxy moving toward earth?

Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. the velocity is 3.00 x 10^8 m/s. how far is earth from the sun? i know how to get to d = (3 x 10^8 m/s)(498 sec). i just don't know how to get from there to the answer being 1.5 x 10^11 m.

When you jump from an elevated position you usually bend your knees upon reaching the ground. by doing this, you make the time of the impact about 10 times as great as for a stiff-legged landing. in this way the average force your body experiences is a) less than 1/10 as great. b) more than 1/10 as great. c) about 1/10 as great.d) about 10 times as great.

One object has a mass of 1 kg and another object has a mass of 3 kg. if the speeds are the same, which of the following is true about their kinetic energy?