A(n) refers to a substance or treatment that is often used in an experiment but does not have an actual medicinal or experimental benefit. a. extraneous variable b. placebo c. confounding variable d. independent control  

The “death throes” of stars are amongst the most complex phenomena in all of astronomy, and the “corpses” of stars amongst the most energetic and exotic objects in existence. beginning at the end of the core helium fusion stage in a star’s life, describe in detail the post-main sequence development of both (a) a 1.0 solar mass star, and (b) a 25.0 solar mass star. in what significant ways do they differ? what role does each of these types of stars play in the "star-gas-star" cycle and the evolution of chemical elements in our galaxy?

Astone weighing 1.5 kilograms is resting on a rock at a height of 20 meters above the ground. the stone rolls down 10 meters and comes to rest on a patch of moss. the gravitational potential energy of the stone on the moss is joules.

Two identical stars with mass m orbit around their center of mass. each orbit is circular and has radius r, so that the two stars are always on opposite sides of the circle. (a) find the gravitational force of one star on the other. (b) find the orbital speed of each star and the period of the orbit. (c) how much energy would be required to separate the two stars to infinity?