A voltmeter used in an experiment to find the emf of a cell was found to have a calibration reading error whereby every reading was 0.22V higha) what is the name given to this type of error?b) how, if at all, would this have affected the value obtained for the emf of the cell?

when it gains or loses electrons

which three statements are true about all alloys?

because growing process had stoped after 4-5 year

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia