What are the practical systems under continuos time system?​

REVIEWS

Wing-Kuen Ling, in Nonlinear Digital Filters, 2007

Controllability and observability

For a continuous time system, assume that x(0) = 0. ∀x1, if ∃t1 > 0 and u(t) such that x(t1) = x1, then the continuous time system is said to be reachable. Similarly, for a discrete time system, assume that x(0) = 0. ∀x1, if ∃n1 > 0 and u(n) such that x(n1) = x1, then the discrete time system is said to be reachable. For a continuous time system, if ∀x0, x1, ∃t1 > 0 and u(t) such that x(0) = x0 and x(t1) = x1, then the continuous time system is said to be controllable. Similarly, for a discrete time system, if ∀x0, x1, ∃n1 > 0 and u(n) such that x(0) = x0 and x(n1 = x1, then the discrete time system is said to be controllable. For LTI systems, the set of reachable state is R(|BAB… AnB|), where R(A) is defined as the range of A, that is R(A) = {y : y = Ax}. Also, the LTI systems are controllable if and only if R(A) = Rn Or in other words, rank(|BAB… AnB|) = n.

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