Determine the direction of the effective value of g⃗ at a latitude of 45 ∘ north on the earth.

To solve this, we simply use trigonometry
the effective value of g along the 45° angle is
g eff = g / sin 45
g eff = g / (√2 / 2)
g eff = 2g / √2
g eff = g √2 ≈ 6.94 m/s²

The radiation of the fire causes the saucepan to heat up. the conduction of the saucepan then to distribute the heat over the saucepan and to give heat to the water. the convection of the water distributing the heat within the water, till all the water is boiling