If substance a and substance b have very different values for the index of refraction, what will happen to a light ray that passes from one of these substances into the other?
a. it will not be deflected.
b. it will be deflected by a small amount.
c. it will be deflected by a great amount.
d. the actual values would be needed to figure this out.

Consider a one meter long horizontal pipe with a constant 100 cm^2 cross sectional area. water flows rightward into the pipe at x = 0 with flow velocity 02m/sec at every point within the pipe intake area. at x=1, the rightward flow rate is 0.192 m/sec. assume the water is a conserved quantity in the pipe, so there must be a leak (a sink) somewhere in the pipe. 1. compute net volumetric flow of the source if the system to be in equilibrium. 2. now assume the pipe in the problem has no leaks. compute the net volumetric rate of change for the system.